COVID-19 relief mask project

Check out our mask sewing project. We sewed and donated over 150 masks. 

 




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Veins and Vascular Anastomoses

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Arteries distribute blood to specific regions of the body. Once oxygen-rich blood reaches capillary beds, gas exchange occurs between capillaries and tissues. After gas exchange has occurred, how does carbon dioxide-rich blood return back to the heart? The answer lies in a network of vessels about 80,000 miles long: veins ! Veins tend to merge into larger vessels as they get closer to the heart. Their walls get thicker and their diameter of their lumen (central portion of blood vessels through which blood travels) also increases. Venules,  the smallest veins, have a diameter ranging from 0.008 to 1 mm. Postcapillary venules*  drain capillary beds. Just like porous capillaries, they are permeable to fluids and white blood cells. During inflammation, white blood cells often adhere to the endothelium of the postcapillary venule, and then they diffuse through the venule's wall to reach the inflamed tissue.  Figure 2: Venules drain capillary beds and gradually merge into larger veins As
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The Heart's Electrical Conduction Pathway

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     The heart is a remarkable organ. It can pump blood in an intrinsic fashion, which means that it does not depend on nerve signals to contract rhythmically. If all nerves supplying the heart are severed, the heart can still beat, as observed in patients who receive heart transplants. The heart has a conduction system that enables it to contract periodically.       The heart has two cell types: contractile and autorhythmic. Contractile cells have a stable resting membrane potential because they contract only after receiving nerve signals. They are not intrinsic and only depolarize when cells around them have depolarized. On the other hand, autorhythmic cells can contract independently of the nervous system and can depolarize by themselves. This principle is called automaticity. Unlike contractile cells, autorhythmic cells have an unstable resting potential that constantly fluctuates and reaches the depolarization threshold. These membrane potential fluctuations are called pacemak
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